There were more than 4,800 Cherokees waiting at camps in this general area before relocation. ), 2) when it was created, 3) what facts it contains, 3) what other kinds of information it provides, 4) why it was created, and 5) what it adds to their understanding of the Cherokee experience and the Trail of Tears. During the night they took it out of her apron.6. 2. As part of his plans for the United States, he was determined to remove the remaining tribes from the east and relocate them in the west. Nonetheless, the Siberian Indian Dog is a cross between the Siberian Husky and the modern American Indian Dog. Five thousand horses, and 654 wagons, each drawn by 6 horses or mules, went along. 1. Why do you think it was important to the Cherokees to do these things before leaving for the west? The tribal diet commonly consisted of foods that were either gathered, grown, or hunted. This log house is located in Rossville, Georgia, on the Georgia-Tennessee border near Chattanooga. must be in motion to join their brethren in the far West.. My grandmother was a little girl in Georgia when the soldiers came to her house to take her family away. 5. What were the effects of the choices made by the groups of Cherokees discussed in the readings? (National Park Service) Deer, bears, birds, native fish, squirrels, groundhogs, and rabbits were all hunted. A missionary described what he found at one of the collection camps in June: The Cherokees are nearly all prisoners. In spite of orders to treat the tribe members kindly, the roundup was cruel. Women cry and made sad wails. Miriams story in Mayor of Kingstown episode 1 has added details about the Cherokee (Choctaw) peoples begging for the captains to turn back but there is no mention of it in the text. Although the day was bright, there was a black thundercloud in the west. I have no motive, my friends, to deceive you. Why? Is a pretty little wife and a big plantation 2. The three boats made fairly good time on a cold, rainy night. At the end of the year 1831, whilst I was on the left bank of the . "1 In his 1829 inaugural address, President Andrew Jackson set a policy to relocate eastern Indians. What was his relationship to the Cherokees during that war? While the pit bull does possess a feisty & spirited . Some 100,000 American Indians forcibly removed from what is now the eastern United States to what was called Indian Territory included members of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes. By November, 12 groups of 1,000 each were trudging 800 miles overland to the west. Osage . The white settlers who lived on USA's western frontier came to the southeastern side and saw the Native Americans. Do you think the woman in Thomas's account was really his grandmother? Have students work in groups and have each group select four pieces of evidence. Between 1721 and 1819, over 90 percent of their lands were ceded to others. During the winter on the trail it is said that the weather was unbearable cold, which caused many difficulties for the tribes. Chief Womankiller, an old man, summed up their views: My sun of existence is now fast approaching to its setting, and my aged bones will soon be laid underground, and I wish them laid in the bosom of this earth we have received from our fathers who had it from the Great Being above.. By March 1839, all survivors had arrived in the west. What problems do you think they might have encountered on the journey? The "Trail of Tears"quotation was picked up by the eastern press and widely quoted. Do you think that was the impression he intended to create? And the sooner you do this the sooner you will commence your career of improvement and prosperity.. Why do you think the U.S. Army might have located a camp here? Out on the white road she had been so terrified, she squeezed her goose hard and suffocated it in her apron, but her aunt and uncle let her keep it until she fell asleep. Twenty men, none of them elected officials of the tribe, signed the treaty, ceding all Cherokee territory east of the Mississippi to the U.S. in exchange for $5 million and new homelands in Indian Territory. The first detachments set forth only to find no water in the springs and they returned back to their camps. Early in the 19th century, the United States felt threatened by England and Spain, who held land in the western continent. What would you take with you? Monmouth was a small steamer weighing 135 tons. Three groups left in the summer, traveling from present-day Chattanooga by rail, boat, and wagon, primarily on the Water Route. Today, they are known as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. The Trail of Tears is the shorthand used for the series of forced displacements of more than 60,000 Indigenous people of the five tribes between 1830 and 1850 and extending up through the 1870s. As John Ross worked to negotiate a better treaty, the Cherokees tried to sustain some sort of normal life--even as white settlers carved up their lands and drove them from their homes. The art of the tattoo was used differently depending on the tribe, but it was considered a sacred and spiritual ritual across Native American society. Among the relocated tribes were the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. Even after ceding, or yielding, millions of acres of their territory through a succession of treaties with the British and then the U.S. government, the Cherokees in the 1820s still occupied parts of the homelands they had lived in for hundreds of years. By 1832, Major Ridge, his son John, and nephews Elias Boudinot and Stand Watie had concluded that incursions on Cherokee lands had become so severe, and abandonment by the federal government so certain, that moving was the only way to survive as a nation. Based on the quotations from Chief Womankiller and Major Ridge, how did the Cherokee feel about their land? Decreased body temperature Blue gums indicative of cyanosis, or lack of oxygen. Trail Of Tears (7", 45 RPM, Single, Limited Edition): China Records, China Records, China Records: CHINP 20, CHINA 20, 889 992-7: UK: 1989 The name came to encompass the removal of . What provisions did they contain? Arriving about 10,000 years ago, they are now almost completely extinct except for a small handful of breeds such as Alaskan Malamutes, and Greenland Dogs. The Cherokee were only one of the many tribes forced to relocate from their homes and travel to a strange land. For the past 15,000 years or so, dogs have been bred by humans to fill a number of perceived (human . These include Cheyenne, Lakota, Blackfoot, Assiniboine, Arikara, Arapaho, Osage, Shoshone, and Pawnee (Hampton 1997). These wretches rifle the houses and strip the helpless, unoffending owners of all they have on earth.. Further Reading Drowning out the red man. Locate the northern route. These stories are not told in this lesson plan. Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears wasn't just one route. Because they had ceded tribal lands without the consent of the tribe, Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot were murdered in 1839. They were guarding 200 men and boys lined up in twos, their wrists handcuffed together, a chain running the length of 100 pairs of hands. The Cherokees asked to postpone removal until the fall, and to voluntarily remove themselves. The Ridge House is located in Rome, Georgia, near New Echota, the Cherokee national capital. Activity 4: American Indian Treaties in the Community Circumstances that cannot be controlled, and which are beyond the reach of human laws, render it impossible that you can flourish in the midst of a civilized community. Students should present their findings to class for discussion on how their research of other tribe's experiences compare with that of the Cherokee Nation. Furthermore, Tocqueville claims that before boarding the boat, No cry, no sob was heard among the assembled crowd: all were silent. What sort of arrangements would be needed to prepare for and carry out such a mass movement of people? Trail of tears, yeah, yeah A trail of tears, oh, oh Oh, oh, oh, yeah Trail of tears, yeah. In December 1835, the U.S. resubmitted the treaty to a meeting of 300 to 500 Cherokees at New Echota. What do you think would have been the worst part of the entire removal process? In the midst of the many changes that followed contact with the Europeans, the Cherokee worked to retain their cultural identity operating "on a basis of harmony, consensus, and community with a distaste for hierarchy and individual power. The Berbers were returned and 10 sub-Saharan African slaves were taken in exchange. These white settlers were really scared of the Native Americans. 2. The tribe most often associated in the public mind with the tragic events of the Trail of Tears is the Cherokee. For two years after the Treaty of New Echota, John Ross and the Cherokees continued to seek concessions from the federal government, which remained disorganized in its plans for removal. The Trail of Tears is not a single trail, but a series of trails walked or boated by thousands of American Indians from the summer of 1838 through the spring of 1839. The campground, appropriately named, sits on the banks of the Mighty Mississippi. Do you think this strengthens his argument? Even if your pet seems fine, drowning can happen hours later. There were 600 Cherokees camped at Rattlesnake Springs in July 1838, waiting to leave for the west. Tocqueville writes, The Indians had all stepped into the bark which was to carry them across, but their dogs remained upon the bank. 5. And that is, to remove to the West and join your countrymen, who are already established there. 3. The largest group of Cherokees left Tennessee in the late fall of 1838, followed the northern route, and arrived in Indian Territory in March. He moved back into this house, where he stayed until removal. "Five Civilized Tribes" of Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw . Keep the dog warm while you seek veterinary care. Between 1816 and 1840, tribes located between the original states and the Mississippi River, including Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles, signed more than 40 treaties ceding their lands to the U.S. Some drank stagnant water and succumbed to disease. Cherokee It was a land route and the largest group of Cherokees followed this part of the trail. Apnea, or not breathing. In the meantime, steaming from Vicksburg, the Talma and Cleopatra, with some 3,000 Choctaws . 1-3 ml of water per kilogram of your dog's weight will cause near drowning, while 4 ml per kilogram or more will result in immediate death . Activity 1: Accommodate or resist? The tribal members who opposed relocation considered Major Ridge and the others who signed the treaty traitors. Yet, on May 23, 1836, the Treaty of New Echota was ratified by the U.S. Senate by just one vote. 1. The forced relocations led to a decade long war . More than 15,000 Cherokees protested the illegal treaty. People feel bad when they leave old nation. There is but one path of safety, one road to future existence as a Nation. 5. The Cherokee people called this journey the Trail of Tears, because of its devastating effects. Just like their father before them, the surviving McLusky brothers participate and facilitate a low level of crime in order to coexist. Many died. If not, what was it intended to record? This photo shows a segment of road believed to have been used during the Cherokee removal of 1838. The National Park Service markers explain the situation of how detachments of Cherokees making their way west became trapped in Illinois because . When she had bread, she would dip a little in water and slip it to the goose in her apron. The Trail of Tears refers to the forced displacement of what white American colonizers called "The Five Civilised Tribes". What were the conditions on the Trail of Tears? Major Ridge3 and John Ross shared a vision of a strong Cherokee Nation that could maintain its separate culture and still coexist with its white neighbors. On the contrary, they add to Miriams character development as a teacher employing storytelling tactics to engage her students. Miriam in the Paramount+ series Mayor of Kingstown teaches history to female prisoners, but how much of her lessons are based on true events? Activity 2: Ridge vs. Ross Beginning in the 1830s, the Cherokee people were forced from their land by the U.S. government and forced to walk nearly 1,000 miles to a new home in a place they had never seen before. The delay was granted, provided they remain in internment camps until travel resumed. At Trail of Tears's PetLoss Memorial you can read memories of a beloved pet, write a condolence note, . Students interested in learning more may want to read John Ehle's Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation (New York: Doubleday, 1988), a carefully documented history that reads like a novel. This house was part of a 223-acre plantation farmed by about 30 slaves. John Ross persuaded the council not to approve the treaty. No one knows exactly how many died during the journey. After an intense debate, the U.S. Senate approved the Treaty of New Echota on May 17, 1836, by a margin of one vote. Georgia held lotteries to give Cherokee land and gold rights to whites. CAIRO, Ill. -- Through the efforts of the Illinois and Kentucky Trail of Tears Association chapters there are now two wayside exhibits at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers in Illinois. Federal troops and state militias began to move the Cherokees into stockades. A popular song in Georgia at the time included this refrain: All I ask in this creation Questions for Photo 1 The Trail of Tears was a horrible event that caused many deaths, and the loss of land for many. I am sincerely desirous to promote your welfare. John Ross, now Principal Chief, was the voice of the majority opposing any further cessions of land. For example, archaeological evidence suggests that the Thule people, who are ancestors of the Inuit, used sled dogs in the North American Arctic some 1000 years ago. (National Park Service) Compare the house shown here with the Ridge and Ross houses. A year later, in 1838, US troops and state militia began gathering Cherokees. Do you think he makes a persuasive case for approval? For more information on certified trail sites, and maps and the history of the trail, please visit their website. Read John Ross's letter to Congress carefully. What is a Native American Indian dog mixed with? In Andrew Jackson's letter of 1835 to the Cherokee council, he says that the tribal fathers were well-known to him "in peace and in war." Smithsonian's National Museum of American Indians In spite of warnings to troops to treat them kindly, the roundup proved harrowing. 1. Older now, Major Ridge spoke of his reasons for supporting the treaty: I am one of the native sons of these wild woods. The settlers introduced new crops and farming techniques. Open up my wounds and take a look inside. Do you think it would be a good idea to have a historic marker identifying it as part of the Trail of Tears? By reading "The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation" students will appreciate the pressures working to force the Cherokees off their homelands and the painful divisions those pressures created within the tribe itself. It soon became a term analogous with the removal of any Indian tribe and was later burned into the American language by the brutal removal of the Cherokees in 1838. What do the students think the white road represented? 2. The relocation of Native Americans to the Oklahoma Territory that became known as "The Trail of Tears", represents one of the darkest and saddest episodes of American history. Ross, however, had clearly won the passionate support of the majority of the Cherokee nation, and Cherokee resistance to removal continued. Nearby villages include Dog Creek, 70 Mile House, Horsefly, and Likely. Major Ridge is reported to have said that he was signing his own death warrant. In 1826, Ross moved to a large plantation near Rome, Georgia, only about a mile from Major Ridge. Between 1721 and 1819, over 90 percent of their lands were ceded to others. Sanitation was deplorable. Yes, they do have facial and body hair but very little, and they tend to pluck it from their faces as often as it grows. Edmund Duncan is an education expert and thought leader in the field of learning. A traveler from Maine happened upon one of the caravans in Kentucky: We found the road literally filled with the procession for about three miles in length. Which tribe is most associated with the Trail of Tears? The soldiers were pushing her family away from their land as fast as they could. Only the eager settlers with their eyes on the Cherokee lands moved with determination. The battle resulted in the death of Custer and his men and fueled the continuation of the American-Indian Wars (a controversial time in American history well-depicted in the iconic film, Dances with Wolves, by Yellowstones Kevin Costner). White looters followed, ransacking homesteads as Cherokees were led away. In October and November, 12 detachments of 1,000 men, women, children, including more than 100 slaves, set off on an 800 mile-journey overland to the west. They were led by Cherokee chiefs and accompanied by the US Army. 4. What Happened on the Trail of Tears? With little time to plan and prepare, 17,000 Cherokee with their possessions, horses, and wagons moved from their homelands to Oklahoma. Some see Major Ridge and his allies as realists whose treaty was probably the best possible solution in an impossible situation. What advantages and what disadvantages might the northern route have? Dog Dog Head Dog head Dog light Dog Wood Dogester, Eliza Dogisten Dollar Don't-do-it Doochchee . This is a true story of the Cherokee Indian Removal, known as the "Trail of Tears" as told by Private John G. Burnett, McClellan's Company, 2nd Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Mounted Infantry, to his children on the occasion of his 80th birthday. 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