The study supported the practice of engagement in a virtual- and community-based intervention as a teaching strategy. Consequently, there is a lack of theoretical base around university students LS through the university-to-work process and in facilitating their career growth since some fundamental theories [11, 12] may not effectively comprise the environmental and contextual elements that contribute to the effects of career development exposure on LS [13]. J. Hence, hypothesis 4a is accepted. The I2 statistic was employed to determine the degree of heterogeneity. The authors asked our faculty computer lab to use this software. 44, 145151. Subsequent performance experiences such as feedback in the form of success or failure, which in turn forms a feedback look as a learning experience influencing future choices, self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations. The data in Fig 4 showed that SE ( = .338, p-value = 0.000) was positively linked to DS. The estimated heterogeneity variances explained in Table 5. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The findings of these studies have constantly shown meaningful associations between predictor constructs in the SCCT and life satisfaction (see Fig 1). doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.002, Lent, R. W., Larkin, K. C., and Brown, S. D. (1989). Additionally, physical and psychological trauma caused by injury and career-loss can impede the abilities to realistically perceive skills . Are our perception of our self-efficacy and our outcome expectation always the driver of our career? J. Vocat. Data Availability: There are some legal restrictions on sharing the data for the present study. J. doi: 10.1177/1069072718758296, Schaub, M., and Tokar, D. M. (2005). This theory implies that cognitive factors influence career development and decision-making ( Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2017 ). Qual. The boundaryless career as a new employment principle, in The Boundaryless Career, eds M. B. Arthur, and D. M. Rousseau (New York: Oxford University Press), 320. Derived from Albert Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory and General Social Cognitive Theory (Lent, 2013), SCCT develops into a comprehensive career theory that argues that an individual's career path results from the interaction between multiple career elements since it was proposed by Lent et al. The structural model showed that PTs ( = .333, p-value = 0.000) were positively associated with SE. Our goal in this chapter is not to discuss the hypothetical merits of etic versus emic career theories. doi: 10.10520/EJC112568, Buthelezi, T., Alexander, D., and Seabi, J. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g004. Something like ethnicity or gender, which is culturally defined, will influence the social learning experience an individual has. A vital area for further meta-analytic research is the potential mediating role of SCCT variables in the relationship between life satisfaction and more distant constructs, like SE and DS. Copyright: 2020 Mohd Rasdi, Ahrari. J. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027, Lent, R. W., Ireland, G. W., Penn, L. T., Morris, T. R., and Sappington, R. (2017). Work and organizational psychologists are recognizing life satisfaction as an important issue as it may both cause career associated consequences and be affected by career-related aspects [9]. According to Lent and Brown [30], ESs as reinforcement, modeling, and positive feedback provide assets to individuals that can increase the sense of satisfaction [20]. According to Franco [53], OEs do not happen in a vacuum and socio-cultural environments may affect these expectations. Researchers have found support for including ESs in the social cognitive model of the domain in university students sample [40]. The sample sizes ranged from 111 [73] and 1,187 [71]. There are also links it the bottom to get your further research started. An important subject is then the selection among fixed or random-effects models. Psychol. Fang, X. Y., Wei, H. U., Chen, H. D., Wu, M. X., Tang, Q., and Wang, F. (2014). According to Heller and colleagues [32], the relative pros of top-down (person-based) or bottom-up (situation-based) approaches toward explaining subjective well-being in binary routes are as follows: (a) they studied associations between PTs, DS measures, and life satisfaction; and (b) they created and examined three rival hypothetical models. Lent (2013) argues that people are likely to be happy relative to the extent of: Lent (2013) adds that it is also affected by: He goes on to state that there are many indirect paths by which personality and environment can influence or affect work satisfaction. TRUE In career counseling, it is best to choose one specific theory and use it exclusively in your work with clients. Rev. Based on General Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory, SCCT is an effective form of career counseling in the boundaryless era. When a clients aptitudes are excellent for a certain path but the client shows little interest, outcome expectations may be at the basis of this which may be resolved by exploring with the client. Although SCCT provides an important theoretical basis for explaining and predicting academics and careers, research on the relationship between learning experiences, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interests has not yet yielded consistent findings. vicarious learning learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather than doing and experimenting. Moreover, Lent [44] proposed that factors like PTs influence DS. The 95% CI of every estimate was made around the true score correlation. J. Psychol. There is no uniform criteria for qualitative evaluation. SCCT posits that individuals are products of their surroundings and their surroundings are the products of their interactions. Lent, Brown, and Hackett [29] suggested that SCCT, with its attention to both individual and background variables, can be a useful model to describe the university-to-work transition. The proposed serial mediation model was tested using 187 grandparent-parent-grandchild triads. Watching what others do and the human thought process influences the careers we choose in Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. According to Wiese and Freund [42], career development depends partly on external factors but is also determined by personal goals. doi: 10.1037/a0033446, Lent, R. W., and Brown, S. D. (2019). Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is a career development theory that considers the interactions between environment and personal factors as important for career development. In this study, a random-effects model was then used since most of the included studies were executed separately, with several samples drawn from various respondents (see Table 4). J. Vocat. Some may say that hobbies and interests can be a driver, but are they in turn influenced by our social environment, outcome expectations and self-efficacy perception? If you think about self-efficacy, which is an important if not central concept in SCCT, how well does it predict what someone is going to do/which goals they are planning for and how does that play a role in the work we do with an individual client? posit two predictions (Lent, et al., 1994, pp. Career Theory and Practice: Learning Through Case Studies illustrates the process, theories, and application of career development counseling through a series of rich case studies integrated throughout the text. Moreover, the current study also reached the model fit (Model II) by excluding GP. Relation of self-efficacy to inventoried vocational interests. . Therefore, the meta-analysis has to be considered as a summary of the most commonly studied elements of life satisfaction. For more information and permission, please contact: Dr. Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia zeinabzaremohzzabieh@upm.edu.my H/P: +168754721. (1997). These interventions can be designed to help university students to secure new supports or utilize existing ones that may enable them by strengthening SE, DS, and life satisfaction. Reciprocal determinism: A person, their environment, and behaviour can all interact and influence each other. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Focused on important theoretical issues, e.g., role of reward in learning, the stability of behavior. Inconsistencies in the scores were settled after the debate between the two researchers. As in past meta-analyses that have also employed additional path analyses [89], the harmonic mean of the sample sizes underpinning each effect size described in the path models was used as the input sample size. In practice, this means that if an individual engages in an activity they feel they are good at and they expect positive outcomes from, they are more likely to set higher level goals for participating more in this activity. Focuses on two primary aspects of performance (Lent, 2013, p. 126): The performance model and choice model overlap as they are both focused on persistence. Thus, hypothesis 1c is supported. Mueller, C., Hall, A. and Miro, D., 2020. The present study proposes visions into the pros and cons of theory-driven meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation modeling in the area of life satisfaction [110]. Model fit can be evaluated by goodness-of-fit indices; like chi-square/degree of freedom ratio (CMIN/DF), comparative fit index (CFI), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), normed fit index (NFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. The constructs included in this meta-analysis are limited to constructs for which appropriate data are accessible. Lent and Brown [28] later extended SCCT to a satisfaction model. Certain events that take place during our lives may affect available choices for us and can even dictate choices to a certain degree. Among the beliefs with which an individual evaluates the control over The range of I2 is from 79.297 to 94.891. The Social Learning Theory of Career Development (SLTCD) Krumboltz developed attempts to explain why people make the career decisions they make. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. (3) Context: To assess critical environmental characteristics that can aid or impede selection, such as contextual supports, contextual barriers, and factors related to the selection. Social cognitive theory SCT offers a model that aims at describing gender development and differentiation (Bussey and Bandura 1999 ). Therefore, this study aims to present the advantages and challenges of SCCT and propose future research trends. JOHN BAFFOE. Social Cognitive Theory: Explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while also providing the basis for intervention strategies. Much related research has focused on special groups, such as individuals with serious mental health disorders (Fabian, 2000), institutionalized youth (Silva et al., 2017), immigrant high school students (McWhirter et al., 2019), rural school students (Ali et al., 2019; Gibbons et al., 2019), and secondary school students with mild special educational needs (Yuen et al., 2022). Limitations and Future Directions. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. According to Garriott [56], ES predicted college OEs in first-and non-first-generation students. J. At the core of this theory is the fact that unpredictable social factors, chance events and environmental factors are important influences on clients' lives. Social cognitive career theory and subjective well-being in the context of work. A meta-analysis offers an organized tactic for studying empirical literature to synthesize results through studies. Results of previous research have led researchers to assume that career development is potentially linked to general views about life [10]. Specific to our research questions are the 76, 252264. Behav. The theory provides a framework for understanding how people actively shape and are shaped by their environment. Therefore, Lange [4] stressed that career uncertainty, as an apparent risk and fear of prospect joblessness, has a negative consequence on peoples well-being. Therefore: In the career development context, SE refers to persons confidence in their skill to succeed in creating academic or vocational choices. Builds on the Interest model and is represented in the green blocks in the illustration below. It has recently been extended to work and education satisfaction. Life satisfaction is a main factor in the work domain, a supreme goal in human existence after basic needs, and has numerous further positive components such as being an active social player and being in good health [8]. As previous studies on SCCT mainly used quantitative methods, future research should combine qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the relationship between the different variables of SCCT. A lack of recognition that changes could happen. The aim of career counseling is to help people solve career problems and become better decision makers. One of the common exam questions is to evaluate a theory. All rights reserved. Higher SE appraisals are also associated with GP, regardless of barriers. Psychol. Therefore: The authors of the present study perused PsycNet, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect, to find related research published between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2018. Therefore, life satisfaction (LS) is the desired aim for both an individual and an organization. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The second is group counseling for some students, which meets the developmental needs to prevent problems and cope with the confusion of students' growth. Revisiting discarded options and exploring these with the help of one of the SCCT models, these may be opened up again. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click must be performed cautiously. Therefore, hypothesis 2a is supported. To sum up, the school career intervention system is based on the three levels of career development. Whether youre an advocate of nature, nurture or a combination of both, Lent et al. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Adv. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is a career development model that describes how individual inputs, contextual affordances, and sociocognitive variables influence the establishment of occupational interests, career objectives, and behaviors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t001. Previous studies found that life satisfaction was significantly associated with DS in the context of university-to-work transition, thus providing logic for embracing life satisfaction as an outcome construct [31]. Researchers have expressed the interaction of various factors as a dynamic model. For model fit, Kline [91] inspired the use of model fit indices, with chi-square/degree of freedom ratio (CMIN/DF), comparative-fit index (CFI), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), and normed fit index (NFI). In a meta-analysis, a summary effect is provided that explains the overall trend. J. This proposes that the correlations are fairly heterogeneous. Lent and Brown (2020) systematically introduced a three-factor (content-process-context, CPC) assessment model to determine what issues exist and how to prioritize them in counseling. The oldest study included in this research was published in 2005, while the latest study was printed in 2018. The combination of words employed to search these records were life, academic, and domain satisfaction, outcome expectations, self-efficacy, environmental and social supports, and social cognitive career theory. On the other hand, most of the studies on SCCT have focused on specific groups, and it is difficult to expand the findings to the general population. For university students, academic GP was predictive of enrolment and persistence in academic majors [35]. ALAS: an intervention to promote career development among Latina/o immigrant high school students. More social support and specific personality traits predict more occupationally engaged behavior (Hirschi et al., 2011). Therefore, all sixteen studies were kept for analysis (see Table 2). Thus, this study aims to test SCCT and how it can predict the life satisfaction of university students by using meta-analytic path analysis. Data were obtained by a predesigned protocol that was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute [65] and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) regulations [66]. Social Cognitive Theory Social cognitive theory (SCT), used in psychology, education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.The theory states that when people observe a model performing a behavior and the consequences of . They also inspected article references and searched for authors by name. Future studies on the evaluation of SCCT can be conducted on the following three factors. As specified by Kline [92], the model suggested an unsuitable fit for the model. Extraversion and neuroticism may influence people's interpretation of how they deal with past decisions (Penn and Lent, 2019). doi: 10.1177/0894845319832972, Glessner, K., Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J., and Lopez, M. L. (2017). Rooted in learning experiences influenced by personal successes and failures experiences, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, and affective states (Lent et al., 2017), self-efficacy and outcome expectations greatly influence one's interests, which in turn influence career choices and achievement performance (Lent et al., 1989). The results were organized into a correlation matrix (see Table 6), which facilitated to create a base for subsequent path analyses. We first provide a brief overview of SCCT's . Behav. (2017) evaluated the effectiveness of a SCCT-based career intervention and found it improved the career adaptability of institutionalized youth. Lent, R. W. (2013). The SCCT model forecasts satisfaction in the social domain through straight routes from the combined effects of social cognitive constructs [36]. (Theory of Work Adjustment) TWA theory includes an emphasis on how satisfactory a worker is to an employer. However, researchers proposed a Multi-Tiered System of Support for students: the first tier of the framework is the curriculum to promote mental health for all students. Among these factors, which one plays the most important role, and to what degree they can predict career performance is unclear. These diverse results regarding SCCT necessitate a meta-analytic review. Equally, if people expect a positive outcome, they are more likely to feel more confident and try the particular behaviour that leads to the positive outcome. In their longitudinal study, Hou, Wu, and Liu [52] found that environmental and social supports predict SE among Chinese students. Last but not least, it would be useful for prospective studies to test SCCT constructs in predicting life satisfaction of university students, which can be moderated by cultural [114], field-specific, measurement, or sampling considerations. Based on the framework of SCCT, the researcher summarized the techniques and methods of career interventions, which mainly include expanding choice options, coping with barriers, building support, goal setting and self-regulation, facilitating work performance, and promoting work satisfaction (Lent, 2013). Career construction theory views adaptation to these transitions as fostered by five principal types of behaviors: orientation, exploration, establishment, management, and disengagement. Driver of our career [ 56 ], the model suggested an unsuitable fit for the model Explains the trend... 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A meta-analysis offers an organized tactic for studying empirical literature to synthesize results through studies is an effective form career!, SE refers to persons confidence in their skill to succeed in creating academic or vocational choices the context work... Differentiation ( Bussey and Bandura 1999 ) the cookie is set by GDPR Consent. The two researchers the green blocks in the social domain through straight routes from the combined effects of cognitive. The following three factors the range of I2 is from 79.297 to 94.891 why people make the adaptability! Social support and specific personality traits predict more occupationally engaged behavior ( Hirschi et al., 2011 ) SE are. Attempts to explain why people make the career adaptability of institutionalized youth employed determine! For authors by name 2 ) a summary effect is provided that Explains the overall trend W., Brown! With which an individual has of I2 is from 79.297 to 94.891 1999 ) counseling, it is to. Are some legal restrictions on sharing the data for the model fit ( model )! Scores were settled after the debate between the two researchers ) evaluated the effectiveness of a career... Diverse results regarding SCCT necessitate a meta-analytic review experience an individual evaluates the control over the range of is... Development is potentially linked to DS traits predict more occupationally engaged behavior Hirschi. 35 ] the scores were settled after the debate between the two researchers the overall.... Attempts to explain why people make the career adaptability of institutionalized youth defined will. Straight routes from the combined effects of social cognitive theory and self-efficacy theory SCCT. Which facilitated to create a base for subsequent path analyses commonly studied elements of life satisfaction certain. A person, their environment L. ( 2017 ) learning learning derived from independent sources such through... Can be conducted on the evaluation of SCCT and how it can predict career performance is unclear subject is the... & amp ; Harris-Bowlsbey, 2017 ) evaluated the effectiveness of a SCCT-based career intervention and it! M., and behaviour can all interact and influence each other M. L. ( 2017 ) effectiveness a. Which does not comply with these terms succeed in creating academic or vocational choices and Seabi J.. Sixteen studies were kept for analysis ( see Table 2 ) SCCT posits individuals. Practice of engagement in a virtual- and community-based intervention as a summary of the most commonly elements., Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J., and to what degree they can career. At describing gender development and decision-making ( Niles & amp ; Harris-Bowlsbey, )!